Light can push.
Normal incidence, specular reflection, straight transmission. Force = P(A + 2R)/c.
R + A must not exceed 1. Arbitrary beam steering requires vector momentum accounting.
TOOLS / EXPLORE THE NUMBERS
Make the assumptions
visible.
Three working calculators for first-order reasoning. Each states its model and units; none substitutes for instrument calibration.
Follow the load.
Constant voltage and current: E = V × I × t. Net subtracts electrical auxiliary energy.
Variable signals require integrating synchronized V(t)I(t). This is not a complete chemical or thermal energy balance.
Define the budget.
Convert a relative expanded uncertainty target to an absolute target and standard uncertainty.
A planning target, not an achieved uncertainty. Coverage interpretation needs a justified statistical model.